01 June 2021, Volume 1 Issue 6

    

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  Research Progress on Biochar Application in Greenhouse Vegetable Production

  ZHANG Gongchen，WANG Bo，QIN Yuhong，LI Lei，ZHANG Shoucai

  China Vegetables. 2021, 1(6): 20-26.

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  Biochar is a carbon-rich product with stable physicochemical properties，which is commonly pyrolyzed from agricultural and forest residues such as：sawdust，straw，rice husk，manure，etc. under the relatively low temperature （≤700 ℃） without oxygen or oxygen deficit conditions．Biochar exhibits using effects and application prospect in arable land soil improvement，crop cultivation，soil and water conservation，carbon sequestration and emission reduction，greenhouse gas emission reduction，and contaminated soil and water remediation．This paper summarized the preparation methods for biochar，its physical and chemical properties，and application in agriculture production；and mainly introduced the research progress made in improvement of facility soil，yield increase of vegetable production，and stress resistance，etc.，so as to provide reference for studying the application of biochar in greenhouse vegetable production．
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  Changes in Biological Characteristics of Postharvest Mushroom（Volvariella volvacea）and Research Progress in Quality Preservation Technology

  LI Ruirong1，2，LIN Junfang1，2，ZHENG Qianwang1，2，ZOU Yuan1，2，GUO Liqiong1，2*

  China Vegetables. 2021, 1(6): 27-33.

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  Volvariella volvacea has delicious taste，full-bodied smell and higher nutritional and pharmaceutical value．This paper introduced the biological characteristics of V. volvacea，including opening at high temperature，browning，and cryogenic autolysis，etc.，which has caused difficulties in its storage and shortening of its shelf-life．At the same time，the paper also summarized the preservation methods including packaging，irradiation，ultrasound，washing by quality-preservation liquid，coating，ozone and molecular technology preservation，etc．For better preserving the post-harvest quality，the paper suggested to cultivate low temperature tolerant bacterium plant，adopt composite quality preservation methods combining physical method （MAP and ultrasound） with chemical method，and store V. volvacea under low temperature，so as to improve its quality and prolong its shelf-life．In addition，adopting UBE2 inhibitors to improve the tolerance of V. volvacea to low temperature stress has provided a new direction for future research．
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  Analysis of Fruit Umami Differential Metabolites of Bottle Gourd Based on Widely Targeted Metabolomics

  LU Zhongfu，LI Yanwei，WANG Ying，WU Xiaohua，WU Xinyi，WANG Jian，WANG Baogen，LI Guojing*

  China Vegetables. 2021, 1(6): 34-41.

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  This paper studied the widely targeted metabolomics on 2 kinds of bottle gourd lines‘I77’and‘Nanxiu’with significant differences in umami taste by technique of combining ultraperformance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry （UPLC-MS/MS）．Results showed that there were greater differences between metabolites in fruits of different lines of bottle gourd．In total，66 significant different metabolites were screened．Through clustering heat map comparison，fold change（FC）analysis，principal component analysis（PCA）and metabolite pathway analysis on ‘I77’and‘Nanxiu’different metabolites，the results indicated that those metabolites may jointly affect the flavor of bottle gourds，including lipid（9-hydroxy-10，12-octadecadienoic acid，9S-hyroxy-10E，12E-octadecadienoic acid，13-hydroxy-9，
  11-octadecadienoic acid，lauric acid，12，13-EODE，lysoPE 14：0），amino acid and its derivatives（oxidized glutathione，L-citrulline，N-acetyl-L-leucine），and flavonoids（luteolin-7-O-rutin）．
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  Transcriptome Analysis of Okra under Salt Stress

  LIAN Dongmei，LAI Zhengfeng，YAO Yunfa，HONG Jianji*

  China Vegetables. 2021, 1(6): 42-48.

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  Taking okra variety‘Zhunong No.2’as test material，and using Illumina HiSeq TM2500 high-throughput sequencing technology，this paper studied the different expression of transcriptome genes（DEGs） under 400 mmol · L^-1 NaCl stress．The results showed that there were 70.17 Gb Clean data from the overground part treated with NaCl and the contrast after 24 hours．The base percentages of Q30 were all over 93.21%．There were 1 396 DEGs gained，including 588 up-regulated genes and 808 down-regulated genes．Among them，1 266 genes were annotated．The GO，KOG and KEGG were annotated according to the sequence of Unigene library．The antioxidant and reactive oxygen scavenging in plants-related genes，including peroxidase 55 gene，superoxide dismutase gene，glutathione S-transferase gene，cinnamate-4-hydroxylate-like gene，flavonol synthase gene and chalcone synthase 2 gene，plant growth and developmentrelated
  genes，including WRKY21 gene，ERF2 gene，NAC29 gene，GATA22 gene，MYB4 gene and auxin responsive protein gene，plant osmotic regulation-related genes，including trehalose-phosphatase gene and phosphoethanolamine N-methyltransferase 1 gene．All of them were up-regulated expression．
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  Development of Molecular Marker for Color of Corm Flesh Fiber in Taro Based on Using SLAF-seq Technology

  SUN Yalin，WANG Zhixin，JI Qun，LIU Yuping，HUANG Xinfang，ZHU Honglian，KE Weidong*

  China Vegetables. 2021, 1(6): 49-54.

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  Purple corm flesh fiber in taro is warmly welcomed by the market owing to its potential healthcare function，which is considered to be an important quality trait．This experiment took‘Lipuyu’（color of corm flesh fiber-purple）as female parent and‘Lepingyeyu’（color of corm flesh fiber-yellow）as male parent，constructed F₂ segregation population and utilized specific length amplified fragment sequencing （SLAF-seq），combining bulked segregant analysis（BSA），and developed molecular markers linked to the color of corm flesh fiber in taro．The results indicated that a total of 37.65 Mb effective reads were obtained through SLAF-seq，293 363 high quality SLAFs were developed and 57 710 SNPs were obtained．And 27 SNP locus closely linked to the color of corm flesh fiber in taro were identified according to association analysis of the SNP-index．AS-PCR （allele specific PCR） primers were designed to validate the polymorphism of SNP locus．Among the 27 markers，Marker44764 was effective in genotyping of the plants with target traits．A simple and quick method for taro genotyping was established in this study，which can be utilized in efficient molecular marker-assisted selection of materials at the seedling stage，thus improving the efficiency of taro breeding．
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  Studies on Genetic Character of Phytohaem Agglutinin Content in Common Bean

  REN Sanguo，CHEN Weida，SHAO Jingjie，LU Shuang，CHEN Gao，CHEN Chanyou*

  China Vegetables. 2021, 1(6): 55-60.

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  Abstract：Phaseolus vulgaris phytohaem agglutinin（PHA）is an important plant anti-nutrient factor，and also a major chemical component of food poisoning in common bean．At earlier stage of this study，on the basis of detecting PHA content of commercial matured pods from 233 common bean accessions，we selected
  6 varieties with obvious different PHA contents as parents，and constructed 4 hybrid combination F₁ and F₂ genetic populations by artificial hybridization and progeny cultivation．At the same time，field experiments on hybrid parents and various genetic populations were conducted．PHA contents of each single commercial
  mature pods were tested，and genetic traits analysis was conducted．The results indicated that the variation of PHA content in commercial pod among individual plants in F₁ population was small．But the strength of hybridization superiority after crossing with different parents became obviously different．The dominant degree
  analysis revealed that this character was incomplete dominant inheritance of single parent．In F₂ population，the PHA contents in single commercial pod presented extreme differences，indicating in F₂ this character demonstrated obvious segregation，and the segregation degrees beteen different combination were different．
  The main peak of individual frequency distribution curve in F₂ population depending on PHA content was obvious distinct，but deviated from the mid-parent value．A few individual plants were distributed in the 2 tail areas，indicating that single plants with rather extreme PHA content were separated from this generation，
  which had provided opportunities for developing varieties with high or low level PHA．The heritability of PHA content in common bean was over 95%，suggesting that the relevant genotype effect had played a crucial role in decision of this character．Therefore，the PHA content character in common bean belonged to quantitative
  genetic character，mainly controlled by gene．This experiment screened 6 single plants with excellent and comprehensive characters from recombination of extreme low PHA content seperated from F₂ population，thus realizing the innovation of common bean germplasm with low PHA content．
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  Establishment of Determination Method for Lignin Content in Chinese Cabbage

  SUN Xiao，LI Guoliang，LI Fei，ZHANG Shifan，ZHANG Hui，DAI Yun，SUN Rifei，ZHANG Shujiang

  China Vegetables. 2021, 1(6): 61-67.

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  In order to effectively determine the lignin content in Chinese cabbage，this experiment used the characteristic of lignin to have an absorption peak at 280 nm after acetylation，and established and optimized a colorimetric method to determine the reaction condition of lignin content in Chinese cabbage．The results showed that the optimal reaction conditions for the colorimetric determination of lignin content in Chinese cabbage were：30% acetyl bromide concentration，70 ℃ reaction temperature，40 min reaction time．The lignin contents of 14 accessions of Chinese cabbage were determined by this optimized method．These results were compared with that of the test by lignin testing kit，indicating after optimization this colorimetric method was more accurate，simple and convenient．
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  Comparative Studies on Determination of Crude Protein in Common Vegetables by Dumas Combustion Method and Kjeldahl Method

  CHANG Shuo，ZHANG Yanguo，LIU Guangyang，XU Xiaomin，HUANG Xiaodong，LYU Jun，XU Donghui*

  China Vegetables. 2021, 1(6): 68-73.

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  Dumas combustion ammonia determination method（Dumas method）and Kjeldahl nitrogen determination method（Kjeldahl method）were used to detect crude protein content in 15 common vegetables．And method comparison and data analysis were carried out．The results showed that compared with Kjeldahl method, Dumas method had the advantages of safety，environmental protection，low energy consumption, etc．The coefficient of variation CV of Dumas method was 0.3%-2.1%，and recovery rate was 98.1%-101.9%．The CV range of Kjeldahl method was 0.3%-1.4%，and recovery rate was 98.7%-99.8%．The precision and recovery rate of these 2 methods all meet the confirmation requirements．The results of method testing showed that a significant linear correlation（R² = 0.999 7）with 0.4%-8.1% precision range was in line with the national standard GB 5009.5—2016（RSD ＜ 10%）．For most vegetables，the difference between crude protein contents gained by these 2 methods were not significant．The significant differences only existed between Chinese cabbage，pakchoi and spinach with high nitrate content．Further studies found that high nitrate content in vegetables was not the only reason leading to the significant differences in test results by the 2 testing methods．The effect of vegetable substrate might be the another important reason，awaiting for further studies and confirmation．
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  Analysis of Physiological Differences of Leaf Mustard with Different Cold Tolerance under Low Temperature Stress

  WANG Yuxian2，YAO Peijie1，YUAN Yinghui1，YANG Wenjie1，WAN Zhengjie1*

  China Vegetables. 2021, 1(6): 74-79.

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  Taking field screening method，this experiment obtained an extremely cold-tolerant tillering mustard inbred line‘18J380（xiyepaicai）’and large-leave mustard inbred line‘18J381（guangdongkejiajie）’ with poor cold tolerance from over 400 mustard inbred lines．This paper compared and analyzed the different physiological indexes of leaf mustard by climate chamber simulating low temperature treatment at 4 ℃．The result showed that the falling range of‘18J380’relative water content was less than that of‘18J381’．The result was consistent with that of growth form observation．The increasing range of conductivity was less than that of‘18J381’．The ascensional range of malondialdehyde（MDA）content was greater than that of‘18J381’．The falling ranges of the reduction of the PSⅡreaction centres（Fv/Fm），actual PSⅡeffciency（ΦPSⅡ） and photochemical quenching（qP）of PhotosystemⅡwere all less than that of‘18J381’，the value of Non-photochemical quenching（NPQ）increased．The ascensional range of superoxide dismutase（SOD）activity and free proline content was significantly greater than that of‘18J381’．
  The above results indicated that the extremely cold-tolerant tillering mustard inbred line‘18J380’could relleve its own stress damage by increasing SOD activity and free proline content，and thus maintained stronger photosynthesis ability under low temperature stress．
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  Screen of Capsicum Germplasm Resources Resistant to Tomato Zonate Spot Virus

  ZHAO Lihua1，ZHU Yangyang1，2，QIU Runshuang1，2，LI Bowen1，2，LI Jing2*，DONG Jiahong1，3*

  China Vegetables. 2021, 1(6): 80-84.

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  capsicum；tomato zonate spot virus；resistance identification；germplasm screen；IDELISA
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  Pathogen Identification of Eggplant Sclerotinia Rot and Screening of Resistant Germplasm Resources

  LI Weiliu，WU Yongguan，GAN Guiyun，JIANG Yaqin，YU Ning，LI Wenjia，LI Yan，KANG Dexian，WANG Yikui*

  China Vegetables. 2021, 1(6): 85-91.

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  In order to definit the kinds of Sclerotinia rot pathogen and screen out available resources with Sclerotinia rot resistance，this paper separated and purified the collected pathogens，carried out morphology observation and rDNA-ITS sequence analysis，and conducted screen for Sclerotinia rot resistance on 42 eggplant germplasm resources by living stem inoculation method in the fields．The result showed that the pathogen was identified as〔 Sclerotinia sclerotiorum（ Lib.） de Bary〕by morphology and molecular biology methods．There were obvious differences in disease resistance of different eggplant germplasm types．Three wild eggplants
  S. torvum，S. sisymbriifolium and S. anguivi were immune（I），4 of S. aethiopicum were resistant（R） or high resistant（HR），and 4 of Southeast Asian primitive cultivars（S. melongena subsp. ovigerum） were moderate resistant（MR），and all of the advanced cultivars were susceptible（S） or high susceptible（HS）．All of the interspecific hybrids were immune（I）．Wild relative species of eggplant possessed resistant gene to Sclerotinia rot．This gene can be utilized through hybridization，etc. means．
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  A New Male Sterile Pepper F₁ Hybrid —‘Honglacushengjiao’

  SU Dan，HU Mingwen*，LIAO Fangfang，ZHU Wenchang，SONG Lala，PENG Guihua

  China Vegetables. 2021, 1(6): 92-95.

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  ‘Honglacushengjiao’ is a three-line hybrid developed by crossing clustered male sterile line‘F296A’as female parent and inbred line ‘DU01’ as male parent．It is of medium maturity．The growth period is about 180 days．The plant has strong growth vigor，and is of compact type．Its average plant height is 62 cm，development degree is 53 cm，and branch number is 9．The effective lateral branch number in main stem is 7．Its fruit is of finger shape．The ripe fruit is red in color．The average fruit length is 9.43 cm，and fruit width is 1.05 cm．The single fruit weight is 5.5 g．The fruit bearing number is 165 per plant．It can yield about 22.5 t · hm^-2 fresh red pepper．The fruit VC content is 1 552.5 mg · kg^-1，capsaicin content is 2 080.0 mg · kg^-1．This variety has concentrated maturity and unified height of effective lateral branches，which are suitable for disposable mechanical harvest．In the fields，its resistance to anthracnose is stronger than that of the contrast ‘Sanyingjiao’．Its resistances to virus disease and epidemic disease are equivalent to that of the contrast．While，its drought resistance is stronger than that of the contrast．It is suitable for spring cultivation in Guizhou，Chongqing，Sichuan and the other southwest regions．
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  A New Cucumber F₁ Hybrid —‘Shengxia 163’ for Protected Field

  QIU Zhijun，CHENG Lin*，SUN Mingwen，WEI Meitian，HAN Yurui，WANG Xue，GUO Jiajin

  China Vegetables. 2021, 1(6): 96-98.

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  ‘Shengxia 163’ is a new F₁ hybrid cucumber for protected fields developed by taking inbred line ‘CU1507228’ as female parent and inbred line ‘CU1307077-4’ as male parent．The plant has strong growth vigor and medium size leaf blades．The rate of female flower node is over 30%，and the ability of parthenocarpy is strong．Its fruit is of rodlike shape with shining dark green peel．The fruit is 33-35 cm in length with short carpopodium，shallow furrow，dense thorn and moderate prickles．The flesh is light green in color．It can yield about 75 t · hm^-2．It is tolerant to heat，and high resistant to CMV，resistant to powdery mildew，medium resistant to downy mildew．It is suitable for protected field cultivation in summer in North China．
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  A New Small Fruit Type Watermelon F1 Hybrid —‘Ningnongke No.5’

  YU Rong，TIAN Mei，GUO Song，YANG Wanbang，WANG Zhiqiang，LIU Shengfeng*

  China Vegetables. 2021, 1(6): 99-101.

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  ‘Ningnongke No.5’ is a new small fruit type watermelon F1 hybrid of early maturity，bred by crossing selfing line ‘14-3’ as female parent and selfing line ‘WH-1’ as male parent．The whole growth period is about 98 days，and fruit development period is about 30 days．The plant growth vigor is strong．It is easy to bear fruit．The fruit is of oval shape．Its peel is light green covered with green strips，0.4-0.6 cm in thickness，and 9.3-10.5 kg · cm^-2 in hardness．This variety is tolerant to storage and transportation．The flesh is red in color and crisp．The soluble solid content in center part is about 11.5%．The single fruit weight is 1.4-1.6 kg．In the fields，its resistance to powdery mildew and fusarium wilt is comparable to that of the contrast ‘Huiling’．It can yield about 48 t · hm^-2．It is suitable for spring protected field cultivation in Ningxia and the surrounding areas．
  
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  A New Ginger Variety —‘Yujiang No.3’

  LI Honglei1，LIU Ran2，WU Lin1，HUANG Ke1，JIANG Yusong1，ZHOU Xian3，LIU Yiqing3*

  China Vegetables. 2021, 1(6): 102-104.

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  ‘Yujiang No.3’ is a superior single plant selected from ‘Anqiuhuangjiangquntizhong’ and bred through 11 generations selection．It is a new ginger variety of fresh-eating and seasoning dual-purpose type．Its period of duration is about 230 days．The plant has strong growth vigor．The average plant height is 93.5 cm．Its tillering ability is stronger with about 22 branch number per single plant．Its tuber presents irregular bulk．The gingerol content is 0.75%，crude fiber content is 0.9%，and protein content is 12.9 g · kg^-1．Its meat quality is tender and crisp with good commodity．The tuber weight per single plant is 0.7-0.8 kg．It can yield about 63 t · hm^-2．In the fields，this cultivar has stronger resistance to ginger seasonal febrile disease than that of the main cultivar in Chongqing areas．It is suitable for planting in Chongqing and its surrounding regions．