01 November 2021, Volume 1 Issue 11

    

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  Selection and Application of Soil Amendments for Remediating Cadmiumcontaminated Greenhouse Soils

  GAO Baolin，ZHANG Ran，GAO Xing，PENG Yutao，CHEN Qing

  China Vegetables. 2021, 1(11): 17-26.

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  Accumulated heavy metal cadmium（Cd）in soil can harm human health through food chain．When the Cd content in soil exceeds the risk Eco-SSLs，it will further increase the risk for vegetable production．In recent years，with the increase of planting years，the Cd content in greenhouse vegetable soil showed a net accumulated status，which had increased the risk of excessive Cd content in vegetable products．Thus，it is imperative to control Cd bio-availability in soil．Aiming at the increased Cd content induced by magnesium and calcium leaching，soil acidification，etc. in greenhouse soil，this paper reviewed different passive materials being used to effectively control Cd effectiveness and its mechanism of action；put forward a facility soil improvement pattern to control Cd bio-availability in soil，thus to reduce the risk of Cd accumulation inside of vegetable plant，and to provide references for rational selection of facility soil conditioner and for vegetable production with safety and superior quality．
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  Development Status of Straw Return Technology in China

  JIANG Yueshan，LI Yansu，WANG Juanjuan，HE Chaoxing，YU Xianchang，WANG Jun

  China Vegetables. 2021, 1(11): 27-32.

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  Straw is rich in organic matter and nutrient elements．Straw return is an important way of utilizing straw resources．This paper summarized the effects of straw return on soil-crop-atmosphere system，analyzed the problems existing in research and application of straw return，and put forward corresponding countermeasures and suggestions．
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  Screening of Efficient Insecticide against Invasive Tuta absoluta（Meyrick）and Detection of Its Resistance Gene Mutation

  WANG Shaoli，SHI Caihua，XU Dandan，ZHANG Youjun

  China Vegetables. 2021, 1(11): 33-36.

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  South American tomato leaf miner，Tuta absoluta（Meyrick）is an alien dangerous pest recently invade into China．This study evaluated the lethal effects of 7 insecticides field dose on larva of T. absoluta invaded into Yining County of Xinjiang Autonomous Region by modified insect blade impregnation method; and conducted detection on point mutations of sodium channel kdr gene associated with pyrethroid insecticide in T. absoluta．The results showed that 1.8% abamectin EW，24% chlorfenapyr SC and 5% chlorantraniliprole SC had skyhigh virulence activity for T. absoluta larva with 100% lethality，followed by 5% emamectin benzoate WG and 6% spinetoram SC with over 90% lethality．However，the virulence activity of Bacillus thuringiensis（Bt）for T. absoluta was lower and 4.5% efficient beta-cypermethrin EC had ultra low virulence activities．The mutation frequency of kdr gene mutation points M918T，T929I and L1014F were 30%，75% and 100%，respectively,consistent to the ultra low activities of pyrethroid insecticide．This results have provided scientific guidance for the chemical prevention and control of T. absoluta invaded into Xinjiang Autonomous Region，China．
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  Effects and The Underlying Mechanism of Sub-high Temperature on Plant Resistance to Pseudomonas syringae in Tomato

  WANG Anran,SHI Junying,HU Zhangjian，WANG Jiao，YU Jingquan，SHI Kai

  China Vegetables. 2021, 1(11): 37-44.

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  Global warming affects the interactions between horticultural crops and pathogens in both greenhouse and open field cultivation，posing a severe threat to the yield，quality，and safety of horticultural products．However，the effects of sub-high temperatures on the defense responses of horticultural crops remain unclear．Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato（Pst），the causal agent of bacterial speck disease，widely infects tomato cultivation in China．The high-resistant tomato ‘LA3472’with Pto gene resistant to Pst，and its background genotype，high-sensitive tomato ‘Moneymaker’，were used as test materials，to investigate two different resistance pathways of tomato against Pst DC3000，PAMPs-triggered immunity（PTI）and effector-triggered immunity （ETI），at sub-high temperature．Results showed that sub-high temperature had no significant effect on the in vitro growth of Pst model strain Pst DC3000，but significantly increased the occurrence of speck disease in both ‘Moneymaker’ and ‘LA3472’．Moreover，sub-high temperature remarkably suppressed the Pst DC3000-induced salicylic acid（SA） accumulation and transcript abundance of SA-biosynthetic gene PALs and SA signal-related gene NPR1 in both tomato genotypes．These results suggest that sub-high temperature has inhibitory effects on both PTI and ETI，and it is inferred to be related to the inhibition of SA resistance pathway．This research has theoretical and practical significance for understanding the occurrence of horticultural crops diseases and strengthening disease prevention under climate warming conditions．
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  Effects of Fulvic Acid on Tomato Yield and Hizosphere Soil Microecology under Different Soil pH and Phosphorus Levels

  ZHANG Lili，LI Jirui，BI Huangai，SHI Qinghua，GONG Biao

  China Vegetables. 2021, 1(11): 45-52.

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  Under the soil conditions of neutral（pH = 6.5）and alkaline（pH = 8.0），this experiment set the treatments without phosphate fertilizer（-P）and with 0.53 g · kg^-1 phosphate（P2O5）fertilizer（+P）respectively．Then，treatments without fulvic acid（-FA）and with 0.08 g · kg^-1 of fulvic acid（+FA）were set up．There were 2 pairs combinations altogether 8 treatments．This paper studied the effects of fulvic acid on tomato yield，phosphorus absorbed amount，number of soil microbe，and enzyme activities under different soil pH and P levels；and analyzed bacterial diversity in rhizosphere soil using 16S rDNA sequencing technique．The results showed that the alkaline soil could reduce tomato single plant yield and phosphorus absorbed amount inhibited plant growth，decreased the numbers of rhizosphere bacteria，actinomycetes and diversity of rhizosphere bacteria．However the rhizosphere fungal numbers and peroxidation catalase activities were increased．But the activities of rhizosphere soil urease，phosphatase，sucrase were brought down．Increasing the application of P fertilizer and FA could significantly improve tomato plant growth and single plant yield under alkaline soil condition，and restore the rhizosphere microecological environment．Moreover，the promotion effect of FA was even accentuate under high P and high pH conditions．In conclusion，FA can enable tomato to enhance soil utilization rate of phosphorus fertilizer，and restore rhizosphere microecological environment．
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  Effects of Leach Liquor from Different Parts of Jerusalem Artichoke Plant on Tomato Growth and Root-knot Nematode

  REN Jing，YANG Liu，CHENG Li，LI Wenhui，PAN Kai

  China Vegetables. 2021, 1(11): 53-60.

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  Adopting the method of combining in vitro with pot culture experiment and taking jerusalem artichoke cv.‘J13’as test material，this paper studied the effects of leaf，stem and tuber leach liquor of jerusalem artichoke plant on tomato growth and root-knot nematode；and carried out preliminary analysis on the possible ingredients that inhibit root-knot nematodes from different parts of leach liquor plant using GC-MS．The results showed that leach liquor from different parts of jerusalem artichoke plant had significant inhibitory effects on egg hatching and second-stage juveniles of root-knot nematodes in vitro experiments．The inhibitory effect was manifested as leaf＞tuber＞stem．Through comprehensive comparison，we found that 1% of jerusalem artichoke leaf leach liquor could significantly reduce the number of root-knot and soil population density，yet not affect tomato growth in pot experiments．There existed differences between the composition and content of leach liquor from different parts of jerusalem artichoke plants．The compound kinds detected in leaf leach liquor were maximum and their total contents were the highest．Six kinds of compounds might have inhibitory effect on root-knot nematodes by preliminary screening．Among them，there were 6 species from leaf leach liquor，4 from stem leach liquor，and 5 from tuber leach liquor．The total content in leaf leach liquor was the highest．In summary，the leaf leach liquor of Jerusalem cv.‘J13’ plant can be used as a plantderived control agent for preventing and curing tomato root-knot nematode diseases．At 1% concentration，the comprehensive effect is the best．
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  Effects of Foliar Spraying Chlormequat Chloride on Yield，Quality and Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency of Artemisia selengensis Turcz.

  ZHENG Dan，WANG Xiaoyan，PENG Xitian，ZHOU Youxiang，ZHANG Junxian，XIA Hong，XIA Zhenzhen

  China Vegetables. 2021, 1(11): 61-68.

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  Chlormequat chloride（CCC），as a plant growth regulator has been widely used in vegetable production．In order to investigate the using effect and safety of CCC on acquatic vegetable Artemisia selengensis Turcz.，this experiment adopted field trial method，set 4 levels of CCC concentration（0，150，300，450 mg ·L^-1）and studied the effects of CCC on dissipation rule of Artemisia selengensis Turcz.，and its yield，quality and nitrogen utilization characters．The results showed that the degradation rule of CCC on Artemisia selengensis Turcz.was in accordance with the first-order kinetics equation．Its half-life period in stem was only 6.9-9.1 days．The degradation rate was significantly greater than leaves．After foliar spraying in the seedling period，all harvested stems were safe inspection．But in leaves，CCC residues all exceed the standard，except those treated with low concentration（150 mg · L^-1）．As the spraying CCC concentration increased，the content of chlorophll in leaves and soluble sugar content in stems were gradually increased，and the dwarf degree of plant was intensified．But，its yield，apparent using efficiency of nitrogen，nitrogen partial productivity，nitrogen agronomic efficiency all showed a downtrend．Low CCC concentration（150 mg · L^-1）treatment had insignificant effect on dwarf of Artemisia selengensis Turcz. plant．The single plant stem weight and single plant leaf weight were 57.5 g and 45.0 g，respectively．Compaired with the treatment without spraying CCC，the yield of Artemisia selengensis Turcz. was increased by 13.5% and nitrogen agronomic efficiency was increased by 49.9%．To sum up，low CCC concentration（150 mg · L^-1）could be applied safely during the planting process of Artemisia selengensis Turcz．
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  Effects of Different Gibberellin Treatments on Yield and Quality of Heracleum moellendorffii Hance in Winter Greenhouse

  MAO Junying，ZHANG Xue，NING Fangshixin，ZHAO Hengtian，MAO Tongyan，CHENG Yao，JIANG Xinmei

  China Vegetables. 2021, 1(11): 69-74.

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  Taking one-year-old Heracleum moellendorffii Hance as test material，setting up different gibberellin concentration（50，100，150，200 mg·kg^-1），respectively and making 2 factors group treatments with root soaking time（8，16，24 hours），this paper studied the effects of different gibberellin treatments on growth and quality of H. moellendorffii Hance in winter solar greenhouse．The results showed that gibberellin treatment could effectively shorten the germination period of H. moellendorffii Hance in winter，enhance germination rate，promote leaf growth，increase yield and perfect quality，meanwhile，increase the contents of chlorophyll，flavonoid，saponin，coumarin and polysaccharide．In conclusion，the treatment of soaking root of H. moellendorffii Hance by 200 mg·kg-1 gibberellin for 16 hours，the effect of H. moellendorffii Hance germination was the best，its growth was the fastest and yield was the highest．The treatment of soaking root in 100 mg·kg-1 gibberellin for 24 hours was in favour of lifting the contents of functional ingredients including flavonoid，saponin，coumarin and polysaccharide in H. moellendorffii Hance．
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  Biological Caracteristics of Colletotrichum spaethianum of the Pathogen and Fungicides Screening in Laboratory for Anthracnose of Lily

  LIU Jiarong，LI Nan，GAN Taoyu，ZENG Huilan，LI Rungen

  China Vegetables. 2021, 1(11): 75-80.

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  Colletotrichum spaethianum is a newly discovered pathogen leading to anthracnose of‘Longya Lily’．In order to further clarify its biological characteristics and sensitivity to fungicides，this experiment adopted the mycelial growth rate method and spore counting method to study the effects of different carbon source，nitrogen source，substrate，pH，illumination，temperature，etc. on C. spaethianum mycelial growth and sporulation；This experiment also measured the sensitivities of this pathogen on 6 kinds of insecticides by mycelial growth velocity method．The results showed that the most suitable conditions for C. spaethianum mycelial growth were：carbon source-glucose source and lactose，nitrogen source-beef extract，pH value-5.0，temperature-25 ℃，substrate-OA，illumination-12 h light-12 h darkness；The most suitable conditions for sporulation were carbon：source-lactose，nitrogen source-glycine，pH value-9.0，temperature-25 ℃，substrate-PSA，24 h darkness；The mycelial lethal temperature was 53 ℃ and conidium lethal temperature was 58 ℃．Among the 6 fungicides taking the test，pyraclostrobin had the strongest inhibitory effect，EC₅₀ value was 0.056 mg · L^-1；Azolether · dysene had the worst prevention and control effect，EC₅₀ value was 64.609 mg · L^-1.
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  Effect and Comprehensive Benefit Assessment of Fertilizer and Pesticide Reduction Mode on Pumpkin Pests and Diseases Control in Protected Fields

  HONG Wenying，WU Yanjun，CHEN Rui，QIU Xuelong，WU Yao，XU Wen

  China Vegetables. 2021, 1(11): 81-89.

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  In order to explore the applying effect of integrating pesticide and fertilizer reduction technologies，this paper compared the comprehensive control effect of different production technology modes on disease and pest control，insect community characteristic in fields，fruit nutritional quality and commodity by field experiment；and evaluated the practical effect and comprehensive benefit of applying fertilizer and pesticide reduction technology in production by environmental economics method．The results showed that the prevention and control effects of fertilizer and pesticide reduction technology mode on main pests and diseases of pumpkin cultivated in protected fields were remarkably better than that of regions using the other treatments．With reduction techniques applied in fields，the damage by disease and pest and yield loss could be reduced，dominance index of primary pest be decreased，quantity of natural enemies and their function be added，indexes of richness，diversity，and uniformity be increased， ecosystem service functions be improved when the chemical fertilizer usage amount be reduced by 66.7% and chemical pesticide usage reduced by 46.3%．The single fruit weight，fruit transverse diameter and vertical diameter in fertilizer and pesticide reduction area were increased by 16.4%，1.2% and 9.4% than those in routine management area，respectively and contents of VC，starch，dry matter and total amino acids reached maximum，the economic benefit could reach 433 176 RMB · hm^-2，which was significantly better than that in the other treatment region．This technology model is one of the effective means for realizing fertilizer and pesticide reduction and yield increasing in melon vegetables production．This model has certain popularization and application prospect．
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  A New Bitter Gourd F₁ Hybrid —‘Lyuzuan No.1’

  GUO Jinju，LUO Jianning，WU Haibin，GONG Hao，LIU Xiaoxi，ZHANG Changyuan

  China Vegetables. 2021, 1(11): 90-92.

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  ‘Lyuzuan No.1’is a new glossy green type bitter gourd F₁ hybrid developed by crossing inbred line‘B2411’as female parent and inbred line‘B171012’as male parent．It is a mid-early maturing variety taking about 75 days from sowing to first harvesting in spring，and about 57 days in autumn．The extend harvest period is about 35 days in spring and about 34 days in autumn．The plant grows vigorously．The fruit is of long conic shape with green and shiny peel and mainly stripe tubercles．Its fruit is about 25 cm in length，6 cm in width，and 1.1 cm in thickness．The single fruit weight is about 340 g and the commodity fruit rate is about 93%．This variety is moderate resistant to Fusarium wilt．It can yield about 33 t · hm^-2．It is suitable for spring and autumn cultivation in southern China．
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  A New Oriental Melon F₁ Hybrid —‘Ganlu No.1’

  ZHANG Jiawang，HE Ming，LIU Shilei，LYU Yanling，ZHANG Lili，LIU Wei

  China Vegetables. 2021, 1(11): 93-95.

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  ‘Ganlu No.1’is a new early maturing oriental melon F₁ hybrid developed by crossing inbred line‘HG16’as female parent and inbred line‘R3-58’as male parent．Its growth period is about 75 days and fruit development period is about 32 days．Its plant grows vigorously and has strong branching ability．The fruits are mainly bearing on the lateral vines and the setting rate is high．Its fruit is of oval shape and has yellow peel decorated with green stripes．The flesh is white in color and tastes crisp．The central soluble solid content is about 14.2%．The average single fruit weight is 480 g．This cultivar is highly resistant to bacterial angular leaf spot and moderately resistant to blight．It can yield about 36 t · hm^-2．It is suitable for greenhouse cultivation in Liaoning Province in spring．
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  A New Flowering Chinese Cabbage F₁ Hybrid —‘Xiaqiumeiwei’

  WANG Ruoying，XU Ming，YIN Yulai，SHU Xiwei，ZHANG Guoqin

  China Vegetables. 2021, 1(11): 96-98.

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  ‘Xiaqiumeiwei’is a new mid-late maturity flowering Chinese cabbage F₁ hybrid developed by crossing male sterile line‘EC-2’as female parent and selfing line‘312’as male parent．The plant type is semi erect with vigorous growth vigor．The basal leaf is of wide ovate shape and light green in color．The main bolt is thick and green covered with slight wax powder．The single bolt is about 29 cm in length，and single bolt weight is about 82 g．It tastes delicate and sweet and has good commodity．Its bolting is in order．The main bolt can be harvested at one-time，and main bolt and side bolt can be harvested together．Its VC content is 577.0 mg · kg^-1，soluble sugar content is 2.22% and crude fiber content is 0.6%．It can yield about 34.5 t ·hm^-2．It is suitable for planting in southern Jiangsu and the surrounding areas．
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  A New Chinese Chives Variety —‘Hangyan 998’

  MA Peifang，LI Yixiao，YIN Shouheng，LI Yanlong，ZHANG Wei，CUI Yungang，WANG Liya，JIANG Qinqun，CHEN Jianhua

  China Vegetables. 2021, 1(11): 98-100.

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  ‘Hangyan 998’is a new Chinese chives variety selected through 5 generations continuous selfing from the progeny of space mutagenic material‘Pingjiu No.4’．Its plant is of tall and erect type．The leaf blades are of long and wide stripe shape and dark green in color．Its leaves are about 38 cm in length and about 0.8 cm in width．It grows vigorously and is not dormant in winter．In fields its resistance against gray mold disease is stronger than that of the contrast‘791’．The average single plant weight is 9.5 g．Its VC content is 220 mg · kg^-1．Every year，it can be harvested for 6 times，and yield about 195 t · hm^-2．It is suitable to be planted in Henan Province and surrounding areas．